Tuesday, 19 June, 2001
US
minorities crowd death row
Federal
prisoners are executed at Terre Haute
By
BBC News Online's Kate Milner
Convicted
murderer and drug smuggler Juan Raul Garza is the second person to
be executed by the US federal government since 1963 - and just
eight days after Oklahoma bomber Timothy McVeigh.
Most
death sentences are carried out at state level, but certain crimes
like terrorism or murders carried out during large-scale drug
trafficking, fall under federal jurisdiction.
While
McVeigh's crime and punishment received intense publicity in the US
and around the world, anti-death penalty campaigners say Garza's
execution is more significant in that his crimes and ethnicity are
more typical of the sort of person the US consigns to death row.
Of
the 19 prisoners awaiting the federal death penalty at Terre Haute,
Indiana, 17 are from minority groups.
Racial
debate
Garza,
a Mexican-American from Brownsville, Texas, admitted killing one
person and ordering the murder of two others - his guilt was not in
doubt.
But
he claimed his death sentence was the result of a racially and
ethnically biased justice system.
Attorney
General John Ashcroft said Garza's sentence was not discriminatory,
noting that the judge and prosecutor in his case were Hispanic, as
were most of the jurors.
"There
is no evidence of racial bias in the sentence Mr Garza received,"
he said.
But
according to Amnesty International, race does play a prominent role
in who lives and who dies.
Death
sentences are more likely when the defendant is black, and
especially if the victim is white, say campaigners.
"Had
Garza not been Mexican-American, it's quite unlikely that he would
have been given the death sentence," said Neil Durkin of
Amnesty International UK.
"In
general, white organised criminals are not ending up on death row."
Of
the 624 people executed between 1977 and April 2000, more than 82%
were convicted of the murder of a white person - even though the
number of blacks and whites murdered each year was almost equal,
says Amnesty.
Former
President Bill Clinton delayed Garza's original execution date
after a Justice Department review found wide racial and
geographical disparities in the use of the federal death penalty.
For
example, six of the prisoners in Terre Haute were sentenced in
Texas, where President George Bush used to be governor.
A
short Justice Department review released this month found no
evidence of bias in federal death penalty sentences, but Mr
Ashcroft has ordered further study.
To
Amnesty International, that position is hard to understand.
"There's
a worrying gung-ho mentality coming out of the justice
system," said Mr Durkin. "We are really concerned that
fairness is being sacrificed for finality.
Texas
record
As
well as sending a disproportionate number of people to federal
death row, Texas also oversees more executions than any other
state, despite accounting for less than 8% of the nation's
population.
According
to Amnesty, Texas has carried out more than a third of the country's
executions since 1977.
Last
year's Justice Department review found that prosecutors were twice
as likely to press for a capital sentence for black and Hispanic
defendants.
And
Garza's lawyers cited 26 cases involving crimes similar to Garza's
where prosecutors did not seek the federal death penalty.
Last
June, Texas's criminal justice department's chief criminal
psychologist was quoted as saying that ethnicity "was a fact
weighing in favour of future dangerousness."
"There
is a question of whether the way the system is set up produces
arbitrary and discriminatory results," said Robert Litt, a
former deputy assistant US attorney general. "I think somebody
ought to get some answers and understand what's going on."
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